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Letitia "Tish" Richardson

The Law of Coverture and the Erasure of 199 Female Ancestors

The Law of Coverture and the Erasure

of 199 Female Ancestors

March 31, 2023

 

Letitia D. Richardson, J.D, LL.M.

 

 

 

In honor of Women's History Month, I thought it appropriate to remember American history's forgotten women.  I don't mean forgotten in a figurative sense, as in "women who should be remembered."  I mean it in a literal sense, as in women who actually lost their identity due to not being accurately identified in historical records.  This could happen for several reasons.  Records have been lost due to natural disasters, war, fire, theft, and other causes.  A town clerk might not have known the woman or may have recorded her name incorrectly.  A family may have wished to avoid recording their significant life events.  Entire cultures might not have kept written records. 

 

The first New England woman to lose her individual identity was "Mrs. Chilton" who sailed on the Mayflower with her husband James and daughter Mary.  No historical source documents her name, and so despite having run into legal trouble in England for conducting unorthodox burial rites and despite sailing on one of most famous ships in history, no one can identify her other than as the wife of James Chilton.

 

When I came across the term "coverture", I realized there was another possible explanation.

 

Coverture was a concept in Anglo-American common law based on feudal Norman custom dating from the 1100's.[i]  Under coverture, once a woman married, her legal rights and status were subsumed by her husband's.  The woman became a femme couverte (covered woman), a legal non-entity.  She took her husband's surname.  She lost the right to handle her own money, whether inherited or earned.  She could not own real or personal property in her own name and could not enter into contracts.  She lost legal control of her own body and those of her children.  She could pursue higher education IF her husband allowed and paid for it.[ii]  Coverture applied throughout the British Empire, including the American colonies and remained in effect throughout most of the 19th century – over 100 years after the United States achieved independence. 

 

One egregious example of the consequences of coverture occurred just prior to the sailing of the Mayflower and resulted in the Pilgrims becoming unwitting accessories to a crime of passion committed by an aggrieved husband.  As they prepared to depart for New England, the Pilgrims received a curious request.  A man named Samuel More asked them to allow four children, aged four to eight, to join the passengers.  He would pay for their passage, he said, and as they had no family in England, sailing to New England with the Pilgrims would be their best hope for the future.  His story turned out to be completely false.  Samuel's wife, Katherine, had been forced to marry Samuel by her family, but believing herself emotionally and morally wed with another man, she bore that man four children.  Eventually, Katharine was able to obtain a divorce, but Samuel retained control of her children, who were shipped off to New England despite Katherine's wishes and tearful pleas.  Three of those children died during the first winter at Plymouth.[iii]  Due to coverture, Katherine and the children lacked legal rights and recourse.

 

An exception to the application of coverture existed for unmarried adult women and widows of independent means who did not have a man to conduct business for them under the femme sole (unmarried woman) doctrine.[iv]  Women could also conduct business when their husbands were absent.[v]  Additionally, prenuptial contracts could be used to achieve a more equitable power balance for a woman upon marriage, but this was often done to protect the woman from a husband's financial shenanigans and to protect the estate for the children.[vi]  In no way did it make up for the fact that the woman was considered "covered" by a superior legal entity.

 

After the War of Independence, coverture continued for several decades, but in the 19th century, men began to see a rationale for women to own property independently.  For example, an employed woman could support her family if the husband did not.  If a husband was sued, the wife's separately held assets could help keep a family afloat.[vii]  Soon, states began to pass married women's property rights laws.  In 1839, Mississippi became the first state to allow women to own property in their own name.  In 1844, Maine allowed women to maintain a "separate economy" within a marriage.  In 1845, women gained the right to file patents in New York (an odd right to grant and probably an interesting story on its own).  Between 1848-1900, states began to confer independent legal status to married women.  Women were able to enter into contracts, collect rents, receive an inheritance free of a husband's claim, file lawsuits, and escape automatic liability for a husband's debts.[viii]  On the other hand, women were not allowed to open a bank account until the 1960's.  Marital rape only became a crime in 1979.[ix]  Today, many U.S. women still take their husband's name, an enduring legacy of coverture.  Needless to say, it's been a long journey even in the "most advanced democracy in the world."  

 

What is the impact of identity erasure?  The psychological impact on women, who throughout life receive the message that they are less important than men, can't be overstated.  There is a historical impact.  Descendants who want to learn about their family history are stymied when they run into the unidentified ancestress, which presents a barrier to further genealogical research.  Additionally, there is loss to our shared social history.  One example in our family concerns the Fairbanks House and Family Organization, which follows early research showing that only Jonas Fairbanks had descendancy.  Newer research has proven that his sister Grace also had children, and our family descends from her.  Nonetheless, the family organization has yet to acknowledge this line of descendancy.  The underscores the pervasive nature of erasure.  Not only is the woman lost but her descendants go unacknowledged as such.

 

So, to honor the many women lost to history because of a careless scribe, a lost record, systemic identity erasure, or any other reason, I've assembled a list of the American women our family has lost to history, grouped by generation.  Each entry below shows the part of the woman's name that survived (or genealogists' best guess as to her name), her husband's name, and his birth and death dates.  The family's children are included.[x]  The woman's death date is included if available, but if we cannot identify her with certainty, we cannot know her birth date, although sometimes a guess is possible based on marriage date, birth of a child, ship's roll, or death record.[xi] 

 

12th generation:

  • Susanna (Unknown).  Husband: Edward Hutchinson (c.1564-c.1632).  Her husband's family came from Alford, Lincolnshire, England, so she likely did as well since people generally remained close to their family homes in those days.  Their children were William*, Theophilus, Samuel, Esther, John, Richard, Susanna, Anne, Mary, and Edward.[xii]  She immigrated at age 70, likely with her daughter, Mary, and son-in-law, Reverend John Wheelwright.  She lived in Mount Wollaston, Massachusetts Bay Colony (MBC), then Exeter, New Hampshire, then Wells, Maine. [xiii]  She was mother-in-law to the two main protagonists in the Antinomian Crisis of 1636-1637 that roiled Massachusetts Bay Colony and set the pattern for the intolerance that would define the colony.  Susanna died in Wells c.1642.
  • Martha (Whatlock?).  Husband: Henry Scott (c.1565-1624).  Martha married and bore children in Rattlesden, Suffolk, England.  The children were Thomas, Ursula*, and Roger. She immigrated on the Elizabeth in 1634 at age 50 with her daughter, Ursula (Scott) Kimball, and Ursula's family.  She has no further record (NFR).

 

11th generation:

  • (Elizabeth?) (Webb?).  Husband: John Ball (c.1585-1655).  The Balls married by 1620, settled in Watertown and then Concord, both MBC, and had son John*.[xiv]
  •  Rachel (Unknown).  Husband: Peter Brackett (c.1580-1616).  Rachel immigrated on the Planter of 1635 with her second husband, Martin Sanders, and her son-in-law and daughter Francis and Rachel (Brackett) Newcomb.  She was admitted to the Boston Church in November 1635.  The family moved to Mount Wollaston (later Braintree), MBC, and she was admitted to the church there in February 1640.  Rachel had four children with Peter Brackett: Peter, Richard *, Rachel, and Jonathan.  She gave birth to another seven children with her second husband: Mary, Martin, Leah, Judith, John, Martin, and Daniel.  Rachel died in September 1651.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Leslie Bradfield (1598-1655).  Mary and Leslie married by 1640.  They settled in Wethersfield and removed to Branford, both Connecticut Colony (CC).  Their children were: Martha*, Samuel, and Mary.  After Leslie's death, Mary married George Adams.  He was ordered to provide financially for Mary's children, but he balked, insisting that the estate be revalued, claiming that there had been "wastage" in the two years since Leslie died.  Mary died after 1670.
  • Dorothy (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Burgess (Unk.-1685).  Dorothy and Thomas married by 1627 and had children Thomas, John, Elizabeth*, Jacob, and Joseph.  They lived in Duxbury and Sandwich, both Plymouth Colony (PC).  Dorothy likely died in 1687.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: James Chilton (c.1566-1620).  The Chiltons were Separatists who moved from England to Leiden, Holland.  They sailed on the Mayflower of 1620 with their youngest daughter, Mary*.  Both parents died in the first winter at Plymouth, PC.  Their other children, including Isabella, Jane, Joel, Mary, Elizabeth, James, Ingle, Christian, and James, either remained in Leiden, died, or had NFR.  Mrs. Chilton was excommunicated from the Church of England for burying a child without performing the Church's burial rites.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: John Cooley (c.1598-1654).  Elizabeth and John settled in Ipswich, MBC.  They had three daughters: Mary* and two others.  After John died, Elizabeth married second Gilbert Crackbone then Richard Robbins.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: (Samuel?) Cutter (Unk.-1664).  Elizabeth immigrated to MBC c.1640 as a widow.  Her children were William, Richard*, Barbara, Isabella, Elizabeth, Joyce, and Joanna.  Elizabeth lived with her daughter, Barbara, and son-in-law, Elijah Corbet, for over 20 years.  She died in 1664 at age 89. 
  • Ann (Unknown).  Husband: Mr. John Doane (c.1590-1686).  Ann and John married by 1625 and immigrated in 1630.  They settled first in Plymouth and later removed to Eastham, both PC.  Their children included Lydia*, Abigail, John, Daniel, and Ephraim.  She died by April 1659.
  • "Mother Finney".  Husband: Robert Finney (c.1568-1637/38).  Robert and Mother Finney immigrated to Plymouth, PC c.1637.  He died on route or soon after landing.  Their children were Katherine*, Jocasta/Joyce, Anne, John, Robert, and Anne.  Mother died in 1650.
  • Elizabeth (probably Seymour).  Husband: Thomas Foster (c.1580-1618.)  After Thomas' death, Elizabeth married Jonas Humphrey and had children Thomas, Elizabeth, Susanna*, and Jonas.  They settled in Dorchester, MBC in 1637.  She died before 1659.
  • Anne (Unknown) [Hutchinson].  Widow of (Unknown) Hutchinson.  Husband: Adam Hawkes (1605-1672).  Anne had five children when she married Adam.  Together they had two children: John and Susanna*.  They immigrated in 1634 settling first in Charlestown and then removing to Lynn, both MBC.  Anne died in 1669.
  • Margaret (Unknown).  Husband: Robert Hicks (c.1578-1647).  Margaret immigrated on the Anne in 1623 (Robert came on the Fortune in 1621).  They settled in Plymouth, PC.  Their children were Samuel*, Lydia, John, Thomas, Sarah, Richard, Phoebe, Mary, and Ephraim.  Margaret served as a teacher to the children of Plymouth Colony.  She outlived Robert, did not remarry, and died between 1665 and 1666.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: John Holgrave (c.1590-1666).  Elizabeth and John immigrated c.1633, with children Joshua, Martha*, and Lydia.  They settled in Salem, MBC.  She died before 1666.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Edward Howe (c.1575-1639).  Elizabeth and Edward immigrated on the Truelove of 1635 with children Jeremiah, Sarah, Ephraim, Isaac, and William*.  Children Daniel and Joseph are not on the passenger list, although it is known that Joseph immigrated.  They settled in Lynn, MBC.  Elizabeth died in 1672.
  • Agnes (Unknown).  Husband: William Lane (1580-1654).  Agnes and William married by 1606 and immigrated on the Hopewell in 1635.  They settled in Dorchester, MBC.  Their children were Andrew*, George, Sarah, Avis/Annis[xv], Mary, Elizabeth, and William. 
  • Alice (Unknown).  Husband: Hugh Laskin (c.1587-1659).  Alice and Hugh married in 1612 and had children Edith* and Timothy.  They immigrated in 1635, settling in Salem, MBC.  Alice died in 1658.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Matthew Marvin (1600-c.1680).  Elizabeth and Matthew married by 1622 and immigrated in 1635 on the Increase.  They settled in Hartford, CC.  Their children were Elizabeth, Matthew, Mary, Sarah*, Hannah, Abigail, and Rebecca.  Elizabeth died c.1640.
  • Margery (Crane?).  Husband: Richard Parke (c.1602-1665).  Margery and Richard married c.1626 and immigrated in 1635 on the Defence.  They settled in Cambridge, MBC.  Their children were Thomas, Isabel, and Elizabeth*.  Margery died before 1656. 
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: John Pierce (c.1588-1661).  Elizabeth and John immigrated by 1636 and settled in Watertown, MBC.  They had children Anthony, Hester, Barbara, John, Elizabeth*, Robert, Mary, and Judith.  Elizabeth died in 1667. 
  • Margery (Unknown).  Husband: Robert Rose (c.1594-c.1665).  Margery and Robert immigrated to New England in 1634 on the Francis with eight children: John, Robert*, Elizabeth, Mary, Samuel, Sarah, Daniel, and Dorcas.  Jonathan and Hannah were born in New England.  They settled in Wethersfield and later removed to Branford, both CC.  A plaque marks their homesite on the Southeast side of Broad Street in Wethersfield.  Their home in Branford, "Rose Orchards Farm", is still owned by the family and operates a small commercial orchard.
  • Joanne (Unknown) Dimbleby.  Husband: William Swift (c.1593-1643).  Joanne and William married in 1626 and immigrated in 1634.  They settled first in Watertown, MBC and then removed to Sandwich, PC.  Their children were William*, Esther, and Sarah.  William left an estate of £82 with £250 in debts.  Joanne died between 1662-1664.
  • Ann (Unknown).  Husband: Richard Vore (c.1600-1683).  Ann and Richard married c.1629 and immigrated c.1634/35 settling first in Dorchester, MBC and then removing to Windsor, CC.  Their children were Mary*, Lydia, Sarah, and Abigail.  They both died in 1683.

 

10th generation:

  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: George Abbott (Unk.-1647).  She gave birth to Thomas, George*, Nehemiah, and a fourth child.  They settled in Rowley, MBC.  She died before 1647, and when George died the three eldest children were assigned guardians, while the youngest was apprenticed out.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: George Allen (c.1585-1648).  They settled in Weymouth, MBC.  Their children were John*, Robert, Ralph, George, and Rose.  She died by 1627. 
  • Sarah (Unknown).  Husband: Capt. John Allen (c.1616-1675).  Sarah and John married in New England by 1657 and settled in Charlestown, MBC.  Their children were Sarah, Rebecca*, and Thomas.  Sarah died after 1681.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: John Barrows (c.1616-1692).  She and John had one child: Robert*.  John and Robert settled in Plymouth, PC.  Mrs. Barrows' immigration status is unknown; she died before 1666.
  • Hannah (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Bartlett (c.1605/10-1654).  Hannah and Thomas married by 1637.  Their daughters were Mehitable*, Hannah, Bathshua, and Abiah.  They lived in Watertown, MBC.  Hannah died in 1676.
  • Anne (Unknown).  Husband: John Bishop (c.1604-1661).  They immigrated in 1639 on the St John.  Their children included John, Stephen *, Bethia, Mary, Anne, and Sarah.  They lived in Guilford, New Haven Colony (NHC).  Hannah died in 1676.
  • Margaret (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Bishop (c.1618-c.1671).  Thomas was by far one of the wealthiest immigrants to New England, leaving an estate of over £5,000 at his death, yet this did not result in Margaret having more records. They settled in Ipswich, MBC and had four children that lived to adulthood: Samuel*, John, Thomas, and Job.  Margaret died c.1681.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Edward Bosworth (c.1586-1634).  Mary and Edward immigrated in 1634 on the Elizabeth Dorcas with their children Mary*, Jonathan*, and Benjamin.[xvi]  Edward died aboard ship in Boston Harbor.  Mary settled in Hingham, MBC.
  • Bathsheba (Hallett?).  Husband: Rev. Richard Bourne (c.1610-1682).  Bathsheba and Richard lived in Plymouth and Sandwich, both PC.  Their children were Job, Elisha*, Shearjashab, and Ezra.  Bathsheba died before 1677.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Bourne (c.1581-1664).  Elizabeth and Thomas were in Plymouth c.1637.  They had children Margaret*, John, Martha, Anne, and Elizabeth.  Elizabeth died in 1660.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Richard Bowen (c.1590-c.1675).  The Bowens settled in Rehoboth, PC in 1643.  Their children were Richard, Alice*, Sarah, Ruth, William, Obadiah, and Thomas.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Elder William Brewster (c.1566-1644).  Mary accompanied her Husband: on the Mayflower of 1620.  They brought their sons, Love* and Wrestling.  Mary died in 1627.
  • Katherine (Unknown).  Husband: John Briggs (1615-1641).  Katherine and John married c.1637 in Sandwich, PC.  They had children Samuel* and Sarah.
  • Dorothy (Unknown).  Husband: John Brown (c.1591-1662).  Dorothy and John married c.1616 and had children Mary*, James, and John.  Dorothy died at Swansea, PC in 1674.
  • Alice? (Unknown).  Husband: William Carpenter (c.1576-1638).  Alice? died in 1638 before William embarked on the Bevis bound for New England.  She is supposed to be the mother of his son William*.
  • Elizabeth/Mary (Coley?).  Husband: John Clark (c.1612-1674).  Elizabeth/Mary married John Clark of Saybrook and Milford, both CC.  They had children Elizabeth*, John, Sarah* and possibly Joseph.  Elizabeth/Mary died before 1662.
  • Elizabeth (Salmon?).  Husband: Thomas Curtis (c.1598-1681).  Elizabeth and John married by 1639 and had children John*, James, Joseph*, Samuel, Isaac, Elizabeth, and Ruth.  They settled first in Southold, Long Island (LI).[xvii]  They later removed to Wethersfield, CC.  She died before 1681.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Richard Cutter (c.1621-1693).  Elizabeth and Richard married by 1645 and had children Elizabeth, Samuel, William, Thomas, Ephraim, Gershom*, and Marah.  They settled in Cambridge, MBC.  Elizabeth died in 1662.  Even though Richard remarried and had children with his second wife, he asked to be buried near Elizabeth's grave.
  • Alice (Strong?).  Husband: John Deane (c.1600-1660).  Alice and John married by 1639 and had children John, Thomas*, Israel, Isaac, Nathaniel, and Elizabeth.  They settled first in Dorchester, MBC, and removed to Taunton, PC.  Alice died after 1668.
  • Jennet (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Dickenson (c.1620-1662).  Jennet and Thomas immigrated by 1638, settled in Rowley, MBC, and had children James, Mary, Sarah*, Mercy, Martha, and Thomas.  Jennet married second John Whipple in 1667.  She died before April 14, 1687, when the inventory of her estate, valued at £172, was taken.
  • Edith (Unknown).  Husband: Richard Dodge (c.1602-1671).  Edith and Richard married by 1630 and immigrated to New England in 1638, settling briefly in Salem before removing to Beverly, both MBC.  They had children Margery, John*, Mary, Sarah, Richard, Samuel, Edward, and Joseph.  Richard was a wealthy farmer and he left Edith two milk cows, two ewe sheep, one-half of his household goods, and absolute and sole use of the parlor and the chamber over it, as well as free use of the garden, kitchen, oat houses, oven, well, cellar, and yards, plus £8 and an additional £8 yearly. Edith died in 1678 at age 75.
  • Margery (Pierce or Prisse?).  Husband: Anthony Eames (c.1592-aft. June 1670).  Margery and Anthony immigrated on the Recovery in 1634 with children Mark, Ann, Millicent *, John, Persis, Elizabeth, Justus, and Margery.  They settled briefly in Charlestown, removing to Hingham in 1636, both MBC, and removed to Marshfield, PC in 1652.
  • Alice (Unknown).  Husband: Ralph Farnum (c.1603-by 1648).  Alice and Ralph immigrated on the James in 1635.  Alice was 28.  They settled in Ipswich, MBC.  They had children Mary, Thomas, Ralph, Sarah*, and John.  Alice married second Solomon Martin and moved to Andover, MBC.  Solomon left the country in 1655 deserting Alice and her minor children, Sarah and John.  Alice had to relinquish their home to her stepson's guardian for £12 but was entitled to live in the house and receive the proceeds from one-third of the orchard.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Farrar (1615-1693-4).  Elizabeth and Thomas immigrated by 1640.  They settled first in Boston, then removed to Lynn, both MBC.  Their children were Hannah, Elizabeth, Thomas, Sarah*, Susannah, and twins Mehitable and Peleg.  Elizabeth died in 1681.  In 1692 Thomas was accused of witchcraft and imprisoned for several months.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Nathaniel Fish (1619-1694).  She married Nathaniel by 1648 and had children Nathaniel, Ambrose*, John, Jonathan, Lydia, Thomas, and Samuel.  They lived in Lynn, MBC then Sandwich, PC.  She died by 1663 when Nathaniel remarried.
  • Alice (Unknown).  Husband: Mr. Anthony Fisher (1591-1671).  Alice and Anthony immigrated by 1637.  They settled first in Dedham and later removed to Dorchester, both MBC.  Their children were John, Daniel, Lydia*, Anthony, Leah, Nathaniel, and Cornelius.  Alice died in 1663.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Robert Fletcher (1592-1677).  The Fletchers immigrated in 1637 and settled in Concord, MBC.  Their children were Luke, William, Samuel, Francis, and Grissell*.  Mrs. Fletcher died after 1677.
  • Judith (Wignol?).  Husband: Reginald Foster (c.1595-1681).  Judith and Reginald immigrated in 1638, settling in Ipswich, MBC.  Their children were Sarah, Abraham, Mary*, Reginald, Isaac, William, and Jacob.  Judith died in 1664.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: William French (c.1604-1681).  Elizabeth and William immigrated on the Defence of 1635.  They settled first in Cambridge and later removed to Billerica, both MBC.  Their children were Francis?, Elizabeth, Mary, John, Sarah, Jacob, Hannah*, and Samuel.  Elizabeth died in 1668.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Gardner (c.1592-1679).  The Gardners immigrated to Cape Ann in 1624 and when that settlement failed, they removed to Salem, MBC.  Their children included Thomas, George, John, Sarah, Samuel, Joseph, Richard*, Miriam, and Seeth.  Mrs. Gardner died in 1636 after Seeth's birth.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Griggs (c.1585-1646).  Mary and Thomas immigrated in 1636 and settled in Roxbury, MBC.  Their children included Mary, John, Joseph*, and a daughter who died young.  Mary died in 1639.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: George Hall (c.1600-1669).  Mary and George married by 1640.  They lived in Taunton, PC and had children John, Joseph, Samuel*, Charity, Sarah, and Mary.  When George died, Mary inherited shares in the Taunton Ironworks.  She died after 1669.
  • Isabel/Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Hall (c.1614-1691).  Isabel/Elizabeth and Thomas married by 1648.  They lived in Cambridge, MBC.  Their children were Hannah, Lydia*, and Mary.  Isabel died in 1682.
  • Margaret (Rouse?).  Husband: Mr. Christopher Helme (c.1620-c.1653).  Margaret and Christopher had children William, Christopher, Samuel, and Rouse*.  They lived in Warwick, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (RI).  In 1644, Christopher was disenfranchised and fined for "contrary opinions", and Margaret was made an inhabitant in his place, seemingly in defiance of the Coverture law.  She died between 1653 and 1662.
  • Sarah (Unknown).  Husband: Mr. John Holmes (c.1611-c.1651).  Sarah and John married c.1636 and settled in Duxbury, PC.  Their children were John* and Nathaniel.  Sarah died in 1650.
  • Ann (Unknown) [Unknown], Widow.  Husband: John Hoskins (c.1588-1648).  John immigrated on the Mary and John of 1630.  Ann and three children were probably with him.  They settled in Dorchester, MBC and later removed to Windsor, CC.  John or a previous husband was the father of John (probably), Thomas, and Katherine*.  Ann died in 1663.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: William Howe (1629-1675).  Mary and William married in 1654 in Concord, MBC and had children Samuel*, Daniel, Sara, Hannah, William, and Mary.  Mary married second Christopher Woolie.  She died in 1695.
  • Sarah (Ives?).  Husband: James Hubbard (c.1601-1639).  Sarah and James immigrated c.1637 and settled in Cambridge, MBC.  They had children James*, Sarah, and Thomas.  Sarah married second William Hamblet and had children Jacob and Rebecca.
  • Frances (Unknown).  Husband: Mr. Edward Jackson (1602-1681).  Frances and Edward immigrated in 1643 and settled in Cambridge, MBC.  Their children were Israel, Margaret, Hannah*, Rebecca, Caleb, Joseph, Jonathan, Seabas (born on ship), and Frances.  Frances died in 1649.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Peter Johnson (Unk.-c.1650).  Elizabeth and Peter settled in Fairfield, CC.  They had children John, Moses*, and Ebenezer.  After Peter died, Elizabeth was thrown in prison, presumably for fornication, where a son, Benoni Newton, was born to her in 1650.  Thomas Newton was seized and charged with a capital crime, but he broke jail and disappeared.  Elizabeth married John Fossecar and died before 1659.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: John King (c.1600-c.1669).  Mary and John settled in Weymouth, MBC.  They had children John, Samuel*, Mary, Abigail, and Philip.  Mary died before 1647.
  • Martha (Unknown).  Husband: George Knott (c.1602-1648).  Martha and George married and immigrated by 1634.  They settled in Sandwich, PC.  Their children were Thomas, Martha*, and Samuel.  Martha was charged with not attending church.  This sometimes meant that an individual professed another faith such as Baptist or Quaker, but we have no record of this here.  She died in 1674.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Barnabas Lambson (c.1602-bef. 1643).  Mary and Thomas married by 1627 and immigrated by February 1635 to Cambridge, MBC.  Their children were Mary, Sarah, Barnabas, Martha*, and Joseph.  Mary must have died by 1640 when Barnabas parceled the children out to various families. 
  • Tryphena (Unknown).  Husband: Andrew Lane (1610-1675).  Tryphena and Thomas married c.1640 and settled in Hingham, MBC.  They had children Mary*, Abigail, Andrew, John, Ephraim, Deborah, Joshua, Caleb, and Hannah.  Tryphena died in 1707 at the age of 95.
  • Ellen (Unknown).  Husband: William Luddington (c.1607-1661).  They lived in Charlestown (later Malden), MBC and had children Thomas*, John, Mary, Henry, Hannah, William, and Matthew.  Ellen was born c.1618.  She married second John Rose and died before 1670.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: John Miller (Unk.-after 1651).  The Millers settled in East Hampton, L.I. by 1650.  They were said to be in Lynn, Salem, and Southampton prior to that.  They had children John, Andrew, George, William*, and Susanna. 
  • Bathsheba (Unknown).  Husband: Joshua Pratt (1605-1652-56).  Bathsheba and Joshua married by 1630 and had children Benjah, Hannah, Jonathan, Bathsheba*, and Deborah.  They lived in Plymouth, PC.  She died after 1656.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Robert Royce (c.1613-1667).  Elizabeth and Robert married by 1637.  They lived in Boston, MBC and had children Joshua*, Nathaniel, and Patience.  She died after 1676.
  • Damaris (Unknown).  Husband: Daniel? Shattuck.  Damaris immigrated by 1641 and joined the Salem Church, MBC, as a widow.  Her children were Samuel, Damaris, Mary, Sarah*, and possibly Hanna, Gertrude, and William.  She married second Thomas Gardner and died in 1674.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: James Skiffe (c.1610-aft. 1688).  Mary and James married by 1638, lived in Sandwich, PC and had children James, Steven, Nathaniel, Sarah, Bathshua, Mary, Patience*, Benjamin, and Nathan.  She died in 1673.
  • Judith (Cooper?).  Husband: Mr. Henry Smith (c.1588-1649).  Judith and Henry immigrated on the Diligent of 1638 with children John, Elizabeth, Henry, Daniel*, and Judith.  They settled first in Hingham, MBC and removed to Rehoboth, PC c.1643.  Judith died after 1649.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Henry Smith (c.1607-1687).  Elizabeth and Henry immigrated in 1637, settling first in Dedham then removing to Medfield, both MBC.  Their children were John*, Seth, Daniel, Samuel, and Joseph.  Elizabeth was admitted with "clere satisfaction" to the Dedham Church in 1639.  She died in 1670.
  • Margaret (Unknown).  Husband: Edward Spaulding (Unk.-1670).  Margaret and Edward married c.1630 and settled in Braintree, before moving on to Wenham and Chelmsford, all MBC.  Their children were John*, Edward, Grace, Benjamin, Joseph, Dinah, and Andrew.
  • Elinor (Unknown).  Husband: John Spring (1588-aft.1659).  Elinor and John immigrated in 1634 on the Elizabeth with their children Mary, Henry*, John, and William.  Elinor was 46.  They settled in Watertown, MBC.  She died before 1656.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Mr. William Swaine (c.1585-aft. May 1657).  The Swaines had children Mary, Samuel*, and Daniel.  Mrs. Swaine has NFR.
  • Ruth (Unknown).  Husband: William Swift (1627-1706).  Ruth married William by 1651.  They lived in Sandwich, PC and had children Hannah*, William, Ephraim, Maria, Samuel, Josiah, Jirah, Temperence, Hester, and Dinah.  Ruth died after January 1706.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Peter Turner (c.1600-Unk.)  The Turners were in Barbados, and it is unknown whether they immigrated to New England.  Their children, John (a Sea Captain) and Lydia* did immigrate as did Peter's brother. 
  • Bridget (Unknown).  Husband: Henry Tuthill (1612-bef.1650).  Bridget and Henry immigrated by 1637 settled in Hingham, MBC later removing to Southold, L.I.  Their children were John*, Elizabeth, Nathaniel (possibly), and Daniel (probably).  Bridget married second William Wells.  Bridget died before May 31, 1654 when the children became William's wards.
  • Elizabeth (probably Walker).  Husband: Mr. Richard Warren (c.1578-1628).  Elizabeth, Husband: Mayflower passenger Richard Warren, immigrated on the Anne in 1623 with children Mary*, Ann, Sarah, Elizabeth, Abigail*, Nathaniel, and Joseph.  They settled in Plymouth, PC.  Elizabeth was known for her no-nonsense attitude and business aptitude.  After Richard's death in 1628, she was made a "purchaser" of Plymouth when the colonists bought out the London investors who had funded Plymouth Colony.  Elizabeth never remarried, indicating that she was sufficiently wealthy to run a colonial household, likely with the help of servants.  She died in 1673 "an aged widdow…haveing lived a godly life, came to her grave as a shocke of corn fully ripe".[xviii]
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: William Wells (c.1605-1671).  Mary married William, the widower of Bridget (Tuthill) Wells above, in 1654.  They lived in Southampton, L.I.  Their children were Bethia*, Abigail, Patience, William, Mary, Joshua, Mehitable, and possibly Anna.  Mary married second Thomas Mapes.  She died in 1681.
  • Alice (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Wight (c.1607-1674).  Alice and Thomas immigrated in 1635 and after wintering in Watertown, settled first in Dedham and then Medfield, all MBC.  Their children were Henry, John, Thomas, Samuel, Mary*, and Ephraim.  Alice died in 1665.
  • Parnel (Unknown).  Husband: William Wilkinson.  Parnel was a legatee of Edmund Chaplin of Little Waldingfield, County Suffolk, England in 1618 as the "Husband: Wilkinson the elder".  She was in Bermuda from 1659-1665 and later immigrated to Guilford, CC.  She was the mother of Tabitha* Wilkinson who married Stephen Bishop in Guilford in 1654.
  • Sarah (Unknown).  Husband: John Witt (Unk.-1675).  Sarah married John, a resident of Lynn, MBC by 1643.  Their children were Jonathan, Ann, Elizabeth, Sarah, Mary*, Martha, Thomas, John, and Ebenezer.  Sarah died after 1679.
  • Ruth (Lee?).  Husband: Edward Wood (c.1598-1642).  Ruth and Edward immigrated to Charlestown, MBC by 1639.  Their children were Elizabeth, Obadiah, Josiah, Thomas*, Ruth, and Tabitha.  Ruth was admitted to the Charlestown Church on March 24, 1640.  Ruth and baby Tabitha died in 1642.
  • Margaret (Unknown).  Husband: Richard Wright (c.1596-aft. Mar. 1668).  Margaret and Richard sailed with the Winthrop Fleet of 1630 that brought the Puritan founders of Massachusetts Bay Colony.  Margaret was admitted to the Boston Church as #99 in late 1630/early 1631.  They settled first in Lynn then removed to Boston and then Braintree, all MBC.  Their children were Elinor/Elizabeth, (probably) Ann, and Abigail*.  Margaret died by 1643.
  • (Unknown) Cranbroke.  Husband: Thomas Wright (1610-1670).  The Wrights immigrated to Wethersfield, CC by 1640.  Their children were Thomas, Samuel, James, Joseph*, and Lydia.  Mrs. Cranbroke died by 1647.

 

9th generation:

  • Joanna (Unknown).  Husband: Robert Abell (c.1605-1663).  Joanna and Robert immigrated with the Winthrop Fleet of 1630.  Where they first settled is unknown, but they were in Weymouth, MBC by 1639 and Rehoboth, PC by 1643.  Their children were Abraham, Mary, Preserved, Caleb, Joshua, Benjamin*, Experience, and (probably) Mehitabel.
  • Christian (Unknown).  Husband: John Allen (c.1611-1690).  Christian married John before 1639.  They lived in Weymouth, MBC, then Rehoboth and Swansea, PC.  Their children were Deborah*, John, Isaac, Daniel, and Elizabeth. 
  • Hannah (Unknown).  Husband: Hugh Amos (c.1631-1707).  Hannah and Hugh married by 1665.  They settled first in Boston, MBC and then removed to Preston, CC.  Their children were John, Anna*, Mary, and Samuel.  Hannah died a widow in 1714.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: James Andrews (c.1650-aft. April 1679.)  The Andrews married by 1675 and had daughter Jemima*.  They were in Falmouth, MBC (now Maine) and must have died young, possibly during King Philip's War 1675-1676, as Jemima was brought up by her grandfather in Boston.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Rev. Samuel Arnold (c.1622-1693).  Elizabeth and Samuel married c.1648 and settled in Yarmouth and later Marshfield, both PC.  Their children were Samuel, Elizabeth, and Seth*.  Elizabeth died after Oct. 1693.
  • Constance (Unknown) [Robinson], Widow of William Robinson.  Husband: Jonas Austen (1598-1683).  Constance, Jonas, and children Lydia Robinson, Jonas*, and Mary, immigrated on the Hercules in 1635.  They settled first in Cambridge then removed to Hingham, both MBC and then Taunton, PC.  Constance died in 1667.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: William Backus (c.1606-1664).  Elizabeth died in England in 1643 leaving children William*, Stephen, Sarah, Mary, and Lydia, who immigrated with their father c.1650, settling in Saybrook and then Norwich, both CC.
  • Joanna (Unknown).  Husband: Robert Badcock (c.1610-c.1694).  Joanna and Robert married by 1650 and settled in Dorchester and Milton, both MBC.  Their children were Samuel, Jonathan, James, Abigail, Nathaniel, Caleb, Ebenezer, Hannah*, Hopestill, Elizabeth, and Thankful.  Joanna died in 1700.
  • Lucy (Williams?).  Husband: Robert Barker (c.1616-c.1689-92).  Lucy and Robert married c.1641.  They settled in Plymouth, moving later to Marshfield and then Duxbury, all PC.  Their children were Isaac, Francis, Rebecca*, Robert, and Abigail.  Robert was licensed to "keep an ordinary" (inn) and draw wine.  Lucy was fined for selling guns and cider to Indians in 1666 and 1682.  She died before 1689.
  • Margaret (Unknown).  Husband: Gregory Baxter (c.1607-1659).  Margaret and Gregory immigrated in 1631 and settled first in Roxbury then removed to Braintree, both MBC.  They had three children Bethia, Abigail, and John*.  Margaret died in 1662.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Jonathan Bosworth (c.1613-1688).  Elizabeth and Jonathan married by 1636.  They lived in Hingham, MBC then removed to Rehoboth, PC.  They had children Jonathan (disowned for being an Anabaptist), Elizabeth, Rebecca, Bethia, Mary, Deliverance, Joseph*, and Bathsheba.  Elizabeth died in 1705 at almost 90 years old.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: William Briggs (c.1605-after 1680).  Mary and William married c.1641 and settled first in Boston, MBC and then lived in Wethersfield, Middleton, and Lyme, all CC.  Their children were Hannah*, John, William, and Mary.  She died by 1671.
  • Joanna (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Buckminster (c.1599-1656).  Joanna and Thomas married by 1624 and immigrated by 1645.  They lived in Scituate, PC and Boston, MBC.  Their children were Lawrence, Zechariah, Elizabeth, Mary, Dorcas, Thomas, Joseph*, Jabez, and Sarah.  Joanna married second Edward Garfield.  She died in 1676.
  • Ann (Unknown).  Husband: Robert Burnap (c.1627-1695).  Ann and Robert married by 1653 and settled in Reading, MBC.  They had three children before Ann died in 1661: Sarah, John*, and Robert.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Caswell (Unk.-aft. 1693).  Mary and Thomas married by 1649 and settled in Taunton, PC.  They had children Steven, Thomas, Peter, Mary, John, Sarah, William, Hanna, Samuel, Elizabeth*, Abigail, and Easter/Hester.  Mary died after March 1697.
  • Christian (Unknown).  Husband: George Chappell (c.1615-1682).  Christian and George married by 1642 and settled in Wethersfield before removing to New London, both CC.  They had children Mary, Abigail, John, Sarah, and Rachel*.  Christian died by 1653.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: William Chase (c.1600-1659).  Mary and William married by 1620.  They and their son William* "a child of ill qualities, and a sore affliction to his parents"[xix] sailed to New England with the Winthrop Fleet of 1630.  They lived in Roxbury, MBC and Yarmouth, PC.  Mary suffered ill health for many years after William was born but eventually recovered and gave birth to Mary and Benjamin.  She died in 1659.
  • Martha (Unknown).  Husband: William Cheney (c.1600-1666).  Martha and John married c.1624 and had children Mary, Martha, John, Daniel*, and Sarah before immigrating to New England in 1635.  Later they had Peter, Lydia, Hannah, Nathaniel, and Elizabeth.  They settled in Roxbury, then Newbury, both MBC.  Martha lived until after May 1684.
  • Joanna (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Chillingworth (c.1620-1653).  Joanna and Thomas stayed shortly in Lynn, MBC, and removed to Sandwich and Marshfield, both PC.  They had four daughters Sarah*, Mehitable, Mary, and Elizabeth.  Joanna married second Thomas Doggett.  She lived until 1684.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Hugh Clarke (c.1613-1693).  Elizabeth and Hugh married in 1640 and immigrated immediately thereafter.  They settled first in Watertown and removed to Roxbury, both MBC.  Their children were John, Uriah, Elizabeth*, and Hester/Esther*.
  • Alice (Unknown).  Husband: Jasper Crane (1602-1681).  Alice and Jasper married by 1642.  They settled in New Haven by 1643 and later removed to Branford, both NHC.  In 1666 they were among the first settlers of Newark, New Jersey Colony (NJC).  Their children were John, Hannah, Delivered, Mary, Micah, Azariah, and Jasper*.  Alice probably died before October 1, 1678, when Jasper wrote his will and did not mention a wife.
  • Lydia (Unknown).  Husband: John Curtis (1639-1715).  Lydia and John lived in Wethersfield, CC.  They had John*, Thomas, Lydia, Dorothy, William, Elizabeth, Jonathan, and possibly Abigail.  Lydia survived John and contested the distribution of his assets in August 1716.
  • Sarah (Unknown).  Husband: Richard Cutting (1622-1696).  Sarah and Richard married in 1645 and settled in Watertown, MBC.  They had Zachariah, John, Richard, Susanna, James, Sarah, and Lydia*.  Sarah died in 1685.
  • Jane (Unknown).  Husband: William Dickson (c.1614-1694).  Jane and William married by 1644 and settled in Cambridge, MBC.  They had Lydia, Abigail, Mary, Hannah, and John*. 
  • Sarah (Unknown).  Husband: John Dodge (1631-1711).  Sarah and John married by 1661.  They lived in Wenham, MBC.  They had Deliverance, John*, Josiah, Sarah, Ebenezer, Mary, Deborah, and Andrew.  During a tax dispute that was provoked by the separation of Beverly and Wenham, some men went to the family home while John was absent and removed goods.  Sarah objected (strenuously), and the men "so abused" her that they were assessed £50 in damages.[xx]  Sarah died 1705-6.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Flagg (1615-1698).  Mary and Thomas married by 1641 and settled in Watertown, MBC.  Their children were Gershom, John, Bartholemew, Thomas, William, Michael, Eleazer, Elizabeth, Mary*, Rebecca, Benjamin, and Allen. 
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: John Goodrich (Unk.-1680).  Elizabeth and John married by 1645.  They lived in Hartford and later removed to Wethersfield, both CC.  They had Elizabeth, John, Mary*, Joseph, Jonathan, and Hannah.[xxi]
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Nathaniel? Hall (Unk.-by 1653).  Mary and her husband immigrated prior to 1653 and settled in Cambridge, MBC.  They had children John, Susanna, Stephen*, William, and Mary.  After 1653 Mary lived with her son William and his wife.  When he died childless and intestate, the Court granted his entire estate to his widow.  Mary petitioned the Court to redistribute the estate allowing her and her children to receive part, rather than allowing the entirety to be "Confered or settled upon an Alien;…"  Mary died after 1667.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Mr. William Hedges (c.1612-1670).  The Hedges married by 1640 and had children Abraham, Elisha, Sarah, Elizabeth*, Mary, William, John, Lemuel, and Mercy.  They lived in Sandwich and Yarmouth, both PC.  She was presented for receiving stolen goods in 1650.  She died between 1658 and 1667.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: William Hyde (c.1606-1681).  The Hydes married c.1628, immigrated by 1636, and had Hester* and Samuel*.  They lived in Hartford, Saybrook, and Norwich, all CC.  Mrs. Hyde died by 1667.
  • Anne (Unknown).  Husband: Robert Ingram (c.1630-bef. Jul. 1666).  The Ingrams immigrated to the Monie Section (later Somerset County), Maryland Colony (MC).  They married before 1658 and had John*, James, Robert, and possibly others.  Upon her second marriage, to Nehemiah Covington, she conveyed property to her Ingram children.
  • Margaret (Unknown).  Husband: John Jackson (1603-1675).  Margaret and John settled in Cambridge Village (now Newton), MBC.  They had too many children to list here (17) but they included Theodosia* and Abigail*.
  • Margaret? (Hicks?).  Husband: John Jenney (c.1647-1727).  Genealogists were divided about this woman's identity until 2017 with half saying she was Margaret Hicks and half saying she was (Unknown) (Unknown).  In 2017 a very highly regarded genealogist claimed that she couldn't be Margaret Hicks, but this conclusion was based on a particular reading of a will.  I believe she was Margaret Hicks.  The family lived in Dartmouth, PC, and had children Sarah, Mehitable, Elizabeth, Samuel*, Lydia, and John.  Margaret died before 1699.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Judd (c.1608-1688).  The Judd family were in Cambridge, MBC, in 1634, then Hartford and Farmington, both CC, then Northampton, MBC.  They had Elizabeth, William*, Thomas, John, Benjamin, Mary, Ruth, Philip, and Samuel.  Elizabeth died before December 1679. 
  • Parnell (Unknown).  Husband: Nathaniel Kirtland (c.1616-1686).  Parnell and Nathaniel married c.1644 and had Sarah, Nathaniel, Priscilla, Hannah, Philip, Ann, John*, Elizabeth, Mary, and Martha.  They lived in Lynn, MBC, removed to Southampton, L.I., and then returned to Lynn.  Parnell had no tolerance for other religions and her will of 1694 provided that her children would be stripped of their legacies "if any of my children (in these declining times) fall into Quakerism so-called or other errors and heresies…".[xxii]
  • Jane (Unknown).  Husband: Roger Langton (c.1600-by Jan.1672).  Jane and Roger immigrated in 1634.  They settled in Ipswich then moved to Haverhill, both MBC.  Their children were Mary, Joseph, and Sarah*.  Jane died in 1670.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Leffingwell (c.1622-c.1710).  Mary and Thomas married by 1648, settled at Saybrook and later removed to Norwich, both CC.  The Norwich land was purchased from Sachem Uncas, leader of the local Mohegan tribe.  They had Rachel, Thomas*, Jonathan, Joseph, Mary, Nathaniel, and possibly Samuel and Deborah.  Mary died in 1711.
  • Jane (Unknown).  Husband: George Lilly (c.1638-1691).  Jane and George married in 1667; she was his second wife.  Together they had George*, Reuben, and Abigail.  They lived in Reading, MBC.  Jane died after 1700.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Lincoln "the Miller" (c.1603-c.1684).  The Lincolns married by 1638 and had Thomas, Samuel*, John, Mary, and Sarah.  They settled first in Hingham, MBC, and later removed to Taunton, PC.  Mrs. Lincoln died by 1665.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Luddington (1637-aft. Aug. 1692).  The Luddingtons married c.1665 and removed to Newark, NJC.  They had John* and perhaps others.
  • Judith (Unknown).  Husband: Michael Madiver (c.1621-c.1670).  This couple reportedly had a child, Joel*, in 1647.  They lived in Cumberland County, MBC (now Maine).  Judith died before 1658.
  • Ann (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Marshall (c.1602-1664).  Ann and Thomas married by 1627 and had son Samuel*.  Ann died before August of 1634 when Thomas was admitted to the Boston Church as a widower.
  • Hannah (Unknown).  Husband: George Martyn (c.1618-1686).  Hannah and George married by 1643 and had daughter Hannah* in Salisbury, MBC.  Hannah died c.1644.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Matthew Marvin (1600-1681).  Elizabeth and Matthew immigrated on the Increase of 1635.  They settled in Hartford and later moved to Norwalk, both CC.  Their children were Elizabeth, Matthew, Mary*, Sarah, Hannah, Abigail, and Rebecca.  Elizabeth died by 1647.
  • Margaret (Unknown).  Husband: Jeremiah Meacham (c.1613-1695).  Margaret and Jeremiah married by 1642 and immigrated c.1650.  They settled in Southold and then went to East Hampton, both L.I., before moving lastly to Salem, MBC.  Their children were Isaac, Jeremiah*, Sarah, Hannah, Bethia, Rebecca, and Rhoda.  Margaret died by 1685.
  • Hannah (Unknown).  Husband: William Miller (c.1650-1711).  Hannah and William had children Sarah, Hanna, Samuel*, Richard, Jonathan, William, Andrew, and Dorothy.  They lived in East Hampton, L.I., and Elizabeth Town, NJC.  Hannah died after 22 September 1711.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: John Moore (c.1603-1677).  The Moores married by 1628 and had Hannah, Elizabeth*, Thomas, Abigail, Mindwell, and John.  They immigrated in 1630 and settled in Dorchester, MBC, later moving to Windsor, CC.  Mrs. Moore died after 1677.
  • Margaret (Unknown).  Husband: William Odding (Unk.-bef. 1633).  Margaret and William married by 1610 and had Sarah*.  In 1633, Margaret immigrated to New England with her second husband:, John Porter.  They settled first in Roxbury, MBC, but when he was banished for supporting Reverend Wheelwright in the Antinomian Crisis, they moved to Rhode Island.  At some point John stopped supporting Margaret so she petitioned the Court for support and his estate was impounded.  She died after 1665, apparently provided for financially but deserted physically.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Samuel Packard (c.1612-1684).  Elizabeth and Samuel married by 1637 and immigrated on the Diligent of 1638.  They settled first in Hingham, then removed to Weymouth, both MBC, and lastly Bridgewater, PC.  They had Mary, Elizabeth, Samuel, Hannah, Israel, Jael*, Deborah*, Zeccheus, Deliverance*, Thomas, John, and Nathaniel.  Elizabeth died after 1686.
  • Phebe (Leete?).  Husband: George Parkhurst (c.1587-c.1655).  Phebe and George married by 1617 and had Phebe, George, Mary, Deborah, Elizabeth, and Joseph*.  Phebe has no records in New England and so may have died in England.
  • Lydia (Unknown).  Husband: Francis Peabody (c.1613-1698).  Lydia and Francis married by 1640 in New England.  They lived in Ipswich, MBC, and Hampton, MBC (now New Hampshire).  They had children Lydia*, John, Joseph, and William.  Lydia died by 1650. 
  • Joanna (Unknown).  Husband: Henry Prentice (c.1623-1654).  Joanna and Henry married c.1644 and had Mary, Solomon, Abiah, Samuel, Henry, and Sarah*.  They lived in Cambridge, MBC.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Daniel Preston (1622-aft.1695).  Mary and Daniel married c.1644 and had Mary, Daniel*, John, and Elizabeth.  They lived in Dorchester, MBC.  Mary died in 1695.
  • Katherine (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Read (c.1627-1701).  Katherine and Thomas married in 1649 and had son Thomas*.  Katherine died by 1677.
  • Mabel (Unknown).  Husband: William Read (c.1587-1656).  Mabel and William married by 1629 and immigrated on the Defence of 1635.  They had George, Ralph, Justice, Abigail*, Israel, Sarah, and Rebecca.  They lived in Dorchester, MBC, Scituate, PC, then Roxbury and Woburn, both MBC.  William returned to England and died there.  Mabel married second Henry Summers.  She died in 1690.
  • Joanna (Unknown).  Husband: John Scranton (c.1601-1671).  Joanna and John married by 1641 and had John*, Thomas, and Sarah.  They lived in Guilford and removed to Madison, both CC.
  • Sarah (Unknown).  Husband: John Snelling (c.1625-1672).  Sarah and John married by 1657 and had Sarah, John, Joseph, William, Benjamin*, and probably Abigail.  They lived first in Saco, MBC (now Maine), and then in Boston, MBC.  Sarah died in 1693.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: John Stone (c.1610-1687).  Mary and John married by 1644 and had John, Samuel, Nathaniel*, Thomas, and Noah.  They lived in Guilford, CC.
  • Joanna (Unknown) [Ward], Widow of Josiah.  Husband: Samuel Swaine (c.1624-1682).  The Swaines married by 1649 and settled in Branford, CC, where they had Elizabeth, Phebe, Mary, Christian, Sarah, and Joanna*.  They later removed to Newark, NJC.  Joanna died after March 1692.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Thompson (c.1620-1676).  Mary and Thomas had children Moses, Hur, Mary, Aaron, Hannah, Elizabeth*, and possibly John and Timothy.  They lived in East Hampton, L.I., and Elizabethtown, NJC.
  • Jane (Unknown).  Husband: Richard Thurlow (c.1606-1685).  The Thurlows married by 1628 and immigrated on the John of London in 1638.  Their children were John, Frances, Thomas, Mary*, Lydia, John, and Martha.  They settled in Rowley and moved to Newbury in 1651, both MBC.  Jane died in 1684.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Tracy (c.1610-1685).  The Tracys married by 1642 and had John*, Thomas, Jonathan, Miriam, Solomon, Daniel, and Samuel.  They lived in Watertown and Salem, both MBC, before moving to the Connecticut River Valley where they lived in Wethersfield, Saybrook, and Norwich, all CC.  Mrs. Tracy died before 1676.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: William Tuttle (1607-1673).  The Tuttles immigrated on the Planter of 1635, bringing children John, Anne, and Thomas.  They were in Boston, MBC, and then removed to New Haven, NHC.  Children born in New England were Jonathan, David, Joseph, Sarah, Elizabeth*, Simon, Benjamin, Mercy, and Nathaniel.  Several of the children had serious mental and legal problems.  Elizabeth died in 1684.
  • Hannah? (Unknown).  Husband: George Varnum (c.1594-1649).  The Varnums married by 1619 and immigrated by 1635.  They settled in Ipswich, MBC.  Their children were Samuel* and Hannah.  Mrs. Varnum is identified as Hannah in secondary sources; the name has not otherwise been verified.
  • Jane (Dabinot?) [Newberry], Widow of Thomas.  Husband: Rev. John Warham (1595-1670).  Jane immigrated to Dorchester, MBC, on the Recovery of 1634 with her then husband and children Rebecca and Hannah.  After Thomas died, she married Reverend John Warham as his second wife.  They removed to Windsor, CC, in 1636 and had Abigail, Esther*, Sarah, and Hepzibah.  Jane died in 1655.
  • Margaret (Unknown).  Husband: John Warren (1585-1667).  The Warrens immigrated with the Winthrop Fleet of 1630 and settled in Watertown, MBC.  They had Mary, Elizabeth, and Sarah, all of whom died young, and John, Mary*, Daniel, and Elizabeth.  Mary died in 1662.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas White (c.1599-1679).  The Whites married by 1635 and had Joseph, Hannah*, Samuel, Thomas, and Ebenezer.  They lived in Weymouth, MBC.  Hannah died by 1679.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Wiswall (c.1602-1683).  The Wiswalls married by 1633 and had Enoch, Esther*, Ichabod, Noah*, Mary, Ebenezer, Thomas, Sarah, Elizabeth/Eliza, and possibly Benjamin.  They lived in Dorchester and the part of Cambridge that became Cambridge Village, then Newtowne, then Newton, MBC.  Elizabeth died after 1657.
  • Ann (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Wood (c.1633-1687).  Ann and Thomas married in 1654 and settled in Rowley, MBC.  They had children Mary, John, Thomas, Ann, Ruth*, Josiah, Elizabeth, possibly Samuel, Solomon, Ebenezer, and James. 
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: John Woolcott (1599-1638).  The Woolcotts married c.1634.  She was his second wife, and together they had one child, John*.  They lived in Salem, MBC.  Mrs. Woolcott died by 1636.
  • Rebecca (Unknown) [Andrews], Widow of Thomas.  Husband: Nicholas Wyeth (1600-1680).  Rebecca married Nicholas in 1648.  They settled in Cambridge, MBC, and had Mary, Nicholas, Martha, John*, and William.  Rebecca married Thomas Fox in 1685.  She died in 1698.

8th Generation:

  • Hannah (Unknown).  Husband: Benjamin Abell (c.1651-1699).  The Abells lived in Rehoboth, PC, and Norwich, CC.  They married by 1679 and had children Hannah, Mary, Lydia, Benjamin*, Mehitable, Jemima, and Experience*.  Hannah married second David Calkins, Sr.
  • Joanna (Unknown).  Husband: Robert Abell (c.1605-1663).  The Abells married by 1639 and settled in Weymouth, MBC, later removing to Rehoboth, PC.  Their children were Abraham, Mary, Preserved, Caleb, Joshua, Benjamin*, Experience, and another child, likely Mehitable.  After Robert died, Joanna married William Hyde.  She lived beyond 1682.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Thomas Adgate (c.1620-1707).  Mrs. Adgate bore two children in New England, Elizabeth * and Hannah.  She passed away before 1660 when Thomas remarried.  They lived in Saybrook, CC.  
  • Esther (Unknown).  Husband: Jonah Austin (1630-1676).  The Austins lived in Taunton, PC, and had children Esther, Mary, Sarah, Jonah*, and John.  Esther died after 1676.
  • Sarah? (Unknown).  Husband: Henry Champion.  The Champions married c.1647 and had Sarah, Mary, Stephen, Henry, Thomas*, and Rachel.  They lived in Saybrook and Lyme, both CC.  Mrs. Champion died before 1698.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: William Chase (c.1627-1685).  The Chases married c.1644 and had William*, Jacob, John, and Elizabeth.  They lived in Yarmouth, PC.
  • Hannah (Unknown). Husband:  John Dwight (c.1601-1661).  The Dwights immigrated in 1635 and lived in Watertown and Dedham, both MBC.  Their children were Hannah, John, Timothy*, Mary, and Sarah.  They were the progenitors of several famous theologians, academics, and businessmen.  Hannah died in 1656.
  • (Unknown) (Winsley?).  Husband: Samuel Fowler.  The Fowlers lived in Salisbury, MBC, and had Mary, Sarah, Samuel*, and John.  Mrs. Fowler died before 1694.
  • Rachel (Unknown) [Todd], Widow of Thomas.  Husband: Joseph Goodhue (c.1635-aft.1692).  Rachel and Thomas lived in Ipswich, MBC, and had Ebenezer*, Joseph, and Benjamin.  Rachel died before 1695.
  • Ann (Unknown).  Husband: Mr. Leonard Greene (c.1635-1688).  Ann and Leonard lived in St. Mary's County, MC, and had Thomas, Winnifred*, Mary, and Margaret.  Ann married second Charles Evans in 1689.
  • Hannah (Unknown).  Husband: Jasper Griffing (1646-1718).  Hannah and Jasper lived in Southold, L.I., and had Jasper, John, Edward, Susanna, Robert*, Robert, Jr., Samuel, John, Mary, and Hannah plus four others.  It is unclear why the family had two living children named Robert.  Hannah died in 1699 at age 46.  Her gravestone says she was born in Manchester, New England, and had 14 children.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Isaac Hatfield (1667-aft. 1706).  The Hatfields lived in Elizabethtown, NJC, and had Isaac, Matthias*, and Samuel.
  • Dorcas (Unknown).  Husband: Samuel Helme (c.1675-1728).  The Helmes lived in S. Kingstown and N. Kingstown, RI.  Their children were: Mary, Christopher*, John, Samuel, Dorcas, William, Thomas, and Mercy.  Thomas did not mention a wife in his will and asked that the Town Council serve as guardian to the three youngest children, so Dorcas probably died before 1728.
  • Anna (Barr?).  Husband: Abraham Herr (c.1680-1725).  The Herrs immigrated in 1717.  They came from the Palatinate, a region in southwest Germany; however, they were originally Swiss Mennonites who fled religious persecution in Switzerland.  They lived in Conestoga Township, Lancaster County (originally Chester County), Pennsylvania Colony, (Penn. Col.).  They married c.1699 and their children were Abraham, Rudolph, Barbara*, Christian, Elizabeth, and John.  Anna died c.1720.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: William Janes (c.1610-1690.)  The Janes were in New Haven, NHC by 1643, then Wethersfield, CC, then Northampton and Northfield, both MBC.  They had children Joseph, Elisha, Nathaniel, Abel*, Abigail, Ruth, Jacob, William, Rebecca, Jeremiah, and Jonathan.  Mary died in 1662.
  • Mary (Gifford?).  Husband: Samuel Jenney (1678-1715).  The Jenneys lived in Dartmouth, MBC.  They married before 1703 and had children Lydia, Job*, Hannah, Hix, John, and Mary (born just after her father died.)  Mary may have married Nathaniel Sherman next, as his father left a legacy to his daughter-in-law, Mary Sherman.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown) [Hawkes], Widow of Adam.  Husband: George Lillie.  Elizabeth and George married in 1695 and settled in Lynn, MBC, where they had Jacob, Elisha, Elizabeth, Mary, Lydia*, Sarah, Reuben, Jonathan, and Bethia (the last two born in Windham, MBC (now New Hampshire.)  Elizabeth previously had a son, John, with Adam Hawkes.  She died in 1705.
  • (Catherine/Jane?) (Unknown).  Husband: Samuel Lincoln (1638-1716).  Catherine/Jane married Samuel by 1664.  They lived in Taunton, PC, and had children Samuel, Hannah, Tamsan*, Elizabeth, Ebenezer, Rachel, John, and Thomas.
  • Mary (Haile?).  Husband: Charles Merryman (c.1660-1726).  Mary and Charles married and had children Charles, John*, Samuel, and Elizabeth.  They lived first in Lancaster County, Virginia Colony (VC).  They later removed to Baltimore County, MC.  Mary died after 1724.     
  • Martha (Unknown).  Husband: Nathaniel Morse.  The Morses married by 1680 and settled in Sherborn, MBC.  Their children were Nathaniel, Joseph, Benjamin, Aaron, Mary, Rachel, Ruth*, Dorothy, and Obadiah.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: John Peasley (Unk.-1709).  The Peasleys lived in Anne Arundel County, MC.  They had daughter Mary*.
  • Elizabeth (Unknown).  Husband: Richard Waite (1604-1680).  Elizabeth and Richard lived in Boston, MBC.  They had children Joseph, Isaac, Return*, Hannah, Nathaniel, Mary, Samuel, and Elizabeth.  Elizabeth died in 1651.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: John Wheeler (1630-1693).  The Wheelers married by 1654 and lived in Charles County, MC.  Their children were John, James, Mary, Thomas, Winnifrett, Ignatius, Sarah, and Francis*.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: William Woodcock (c.1620-1703).  The Woodcocks married in 1648 and lived in Hingham, MBC, then Rehoboth and Attleborough, both PC.  They had children Mary, Sarah, Alice*, Anne, Elizabeth, Miriam, and William.  Mary died c.1710.

 

7th Generation:

  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: John Barnett (c.1656-1740).  The Barnetts married before 1695 and had children John, Margaret, Annis*, William, and Moses.  They immigrated in 1718 from Ballymoney, County Antrim, Ireland.  Mrs. Barnett died on route.  John and the children settled in Londonderry, MBC (now New Hampshire.)
  • Martha (Unknown).  Husband: John Drake (1687-1779).  The Drakes married by 1721 and had children Joseph, John, Martha, Phebe, William*, Eleanor, Samuel, Benjamin, Mary, Zepheniah, and Esther.  They lived in Brooklyn first and then Jamaica, both L.I., then Chester and Goshen, New York Colony (NY).
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Moses Edwards (Unk.-1727).  The Edwards lived in Baltimore County, MC, and had son John*.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Ebenezer Goodhue (1685-1747).  The Goodhues married by 1714 and had Ebenezer, Mary, Rachel*, Joseph, Zachariah, Hannah, Thomas, Henry, and Sarah.  They lived in Dracut, MBC.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Peter Haldeman (Unk.-1731).  The Haldemans lived in Donegal Township, Lancaster, Penn. Col.  Their children were Jacob* and Christian.
  • Mary (Unknown).  Husband: Christian Musselman (1671-1734).  Mary and Christian married by 1696 and were in the Lancaster Township area, Penn.Col. possibly as early as 1717.  They had children Henry, Frena, David, Michael*, Peter, and possibly Eva.

 

6th Generation:

  • Abigail (Unknown).  Husband: Jacob Austin (1703-1767).  Abigail and Jacob married by 1733 and had Benjamin*, Phoebe, Abiathar, John, Seth, and Jacob.  They lived in Dighton, PC.  Abigail died in 1749.
  • Abigail (Unknown).  Husband: William Drake (1727-1808).  Abigail and William married in 1753.  They lived in Goshen, Orange County, NY.  Their children were Hannah, James, Esther, David, William*, Burges, Phoebe, and Jesse.  Abigail died in 1785.
  • Anne (Unknown).  Husband: Samuel Richardson (1697-1771).  Anne and Samuel married by 1723 and settled in Germantown and then Bristol Township, Penn. Col.  Their children were Joseph*, Catherine, Mary, and Barbara.  Ann died after June 1771.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Ignatius Wheeler (c.1709-1770).  The Wheelers married by 1739 and had children Hezekiah, George Noble, Ignatius*, and Aquilla.  They lived in Prince George's County, MC.
  • (Unknown) (Unknown).  Husband: Sarson Worth (baptized 1743-died by 1770).  The Worths married by 1762 and had Sasson*.  They lived in Lebanon, CC. 

 

5th Generation:

  • Lucy (Unknown).  Husband: Benjamin Wood (1763-1834).  Lucy and Benjamin married by 1794 when their daughter Lucinda* was born.  Lucy died before 1704.
  • Mary (Dungan?).  Husband: Joseph Richardson (c.1723-1808).  Mary and Joseph married by 1748 and had Malachi, Clement*, Jeremiah, Joseph, David William, Samuel, and possibly Ann and Mary.  They lived in Bucks County, Penn. Col.  Mary died before 1806.

 

4th Generation:

  • Catherine (Baker?).  Husband: Clement Richardson (1750-1827).  Catherine and Clement married by 1788 and had William, Joseph, Mary, John, William Clement, Susan, Fanny, and Malachi*.  The Richardsons were in Bucks County, Penn. Col., then Colerain Township, Hamilton County, Ohio by 1827.  Catherine died in 1837.

 

Endnotes:

[i] Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopedia. "coverture." Encyclopedia Britannica, October 8, 2007. https://www.britannica.com/topic/coverture.
[ii] Catherine Allgor, "Coverture - the Word You Probably Don't Know but Should." National Women's History Museum, September 4, 2014. www.womenshistory.org/articles/coverture-word-you-probably-dont-know-should.
[iii] Robert Charles Anderson, The Great Migration Begins: Immigrants to New England 1620-1633, Volumes I-III. (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995), 1282.
[iv] Catherine Allgor.
[v] Catherine Allgor.
[vi] Catherine Allgor.
[vii] Allison Anna Tait, The Return of Coverture, 114 Michigan Law Review First Impressions 99 (2016.)  Available at: http://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr_fi/vol114/iss1/3
[viii] https://www.theguardian.com/money/us-money-blog/2014/aug/11/women-rights-money-timeline-history
[ix] Lily Rothman, "When Spousal Rape First Became a Crime in the U.S.", https://time.com/3975175/spousal-rape-case-history/
[x] Many times, if a child died young, the family would give a later child the same name.  To avoid confusion, I have not included the deceased child in the list of children.
[xi] Additional notes on dates.  "By" or "before" a certain date means that some recorded event, such as the birth of a child, occurred on that date so we assume the woman was married by then.  "After" means that date was the last date on which a recorded event occurred.  "c." means circa or about.  In England baptism dates were usually recorded rather than birthdates.
[xii] Names marked with an asterisk are Richardson ancestors.   
[xiii] The parts of New Hampshire and Maine where Exeter and Wells were located were not part of Massachusetts Bay Colony, which was why people banished after the Antinomian crisis went there.
[xiv] Names marked with an asterisk are Richardson ancestors.
[xv] Even when names made it into the records, sometimes they're written with slight or even significant changes in spelling.  Sometimes the names were completely different.  I note these names with a /.
[xvi] In this case, Richardson descendancy is through both children.
[xvii] Both the Dutch and the English claimed Long Island; however, the English established almost all the settlements. In 1664, it became part of New York Colony.
[xviii] https://pilgrimhall.org/richard_elizabeth_warren.htm, original record at Plymouth Colony Records 8:35.
[xix] Robert Charles Anderson, The Great Migration Begins, 336.

https://www.americanancestors.org/DB393/i/12107/336/235175550
[xx] John Thompson Dodge, Genealogy of the Dodge Family of Essex County, Mass. Vol. 1, 1629-1894, (Madison: Democrat Printing Co. 1894) 24.
[xxi] Modern historians have discarded the theory that she was the daughter of Thomas Edwards since he would have been four years old when she was born.
[xxii] Robert Charles Anderson, Great Migration: Immigrants to New England, 1634-1635, Vol. IV, I-L, (Boston: New England Historic Genealogic Society, 2005), 195.

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